Master's & PhD in Chemistry & Materials Science | Study in Russia on Scholarship
Russian Scholarship Project
"Global Universities" Association

Chemistry and Materials Science

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This subject area integrates chemistry, physics, mathematics, and materials science. Participants explore the core branches of chemistry, examine how the structure of substances and materials determines their properties, and take an interdisciplinary approach to solving practical problems.

Program

The Program defines the competencies a winner of the Open Doors Russian Scholarship Project must possess and assists participants in preparing for the Open Doors stages.

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Open Doors winner's skill set

The winner should know:

  • the fundamentals of analytical, organic, physical, inorganic, and nuclear chemistry, materials science, and advanced technologies; 
  • the research paradigms and methodologies of each profile, including the relationship between theoretical models and empirical research; 
  • ethical standards and principles of academic integrity; 
  • interdisciplinary connections across relevant fields of science; 
  • the importance of innovation and the societal role of chemistry in addressing contemporary challenges.

The winner should be able to:

  • apply knowledge of analytical, organic, physical, inorganic, and nuclear chemistry, advanced technologies, and materials science to solve practical and research problems; 
  • analyze and interpret data using profile-specific methods; 
  • formulate research questions and objectives and select and justify appropriate research methodologies; 
  • use scholarly sources to construct logically sound arguments; 
  • interpret research findings within relevant theoretical frameworks; 
  • design and conduct research; 
  • evaluate alternative conclusions and substantiate inferences with empirical data; 
  • apply critical thinking to complex problems in industrial science. 
List of degree programs

List of doctoral programs

  • 1.4.1 Inorganic chemistry
  • 1.4.2 Analytical chemistry
  • 1.4.3 Organic chemistry
  • 1.4.4 Physical chemistry
  • 2.6.17 Materials science

List of master's degree programs

  • 04.04.01 Chemistry
  • 04.04.02 Chemistry, physics and mechanics of materials
  • 18.04.01 Chemical technology
  • 18.04.02 Energy and resource-saving processes in chemical technology, petrochemistry and biotechnology
  • 22.04.01 Materials science and technology
Content
Field of science 1. Chemistry, inorganic & nuclear

General Chemistry

  1. Basic concepts of chemistry: atom, chemical element, substance, chemical reaction. Chemical and molecular formulas of compounds. Main classes of inorganic compounds: oxides, acids, bases, salts. Types of chemical reactions. Reaction equations.
  2. Electronic structure of atoms. Hydrogen-like atoms and ions. Atomic orbitals and quantum numbers. Multielectron atoms. Effective charges. Energy diagrams of states. Principles of filling atomic orbitals with electrons.
  3. The Periodic Law and periodic changes in the properties of elements (atomic and ionic radii, ionization energy and electron affinity, electronegativity according to Mulliken and Pauling) in groups and periods. The structure of the periodic table.
  4. Chemical bonding and molecular structure.Characteristics of chemical bonds.Covalent bonds and the mechanisms of their formation.The valence bond method.The molecular orbital method.Energy diagrams.Non-covalent types of bonding are ionic and metallic.

Analytical chemistry

  1. Protolytic theory. Application of the law of mass action to acid–base equilibria. Calculation of pH in aqueous solutions. Buffer solutions
  2. Complexation reactions. Basic concepts, types of coordination compounds. Equilibrium in complex formation reactions. Stability of complex compounds

Inorganic chemistry

  1. The chemistry of hydrogen and halogens. The chemical properties of hydrogen. Halogens, their properties and production, interaction with water and alkalis. Comparison of the oxidizing properties of halogen compounds in the same oxidation state.
  2. Chalcogen chemistry. Production and properties of oxygen, ozone, hydrogen peroxide and oxides, and sulfur. Properties of hydrogen sulfide and sulfides, sulfur oxides, sulfuric and sulfurous acids, and their salts. Qualitative reactions.
  3. Chemistry of pnictogens. Production and properties of nitrogen. Production and properties of ammonia. Production and properties of nitrogen oxides and oxygen-containing acids. Chemistry of phosphorus compounds in oxidation states -3, -1, +3, and +5.
  4. Chemistry of carbon group elements, chemistry of boron. Types of carbides and reactions of ionic carbides with water. Properties of carbon and silicon compounds in the +4 oxidation state. Properties of boron. Boric acids and borates.
  5. Chemistry of Group 1 and 2 metals and aluminum. Alkali metals, alkali metal oxygen compounds, their properties and applications. Calcium: methods of preparation and properties. Aluminum: properties of the element and its compounds, applications.
  6. Chemistry of complex compounds. Werner's coordination theory. Types of central atoms and ligands. Dentancy. Geometric structure, coordination numbers, isomerism. Crystal field theory. Stability of complexes in solutions.
  7. General information on the chemistry of transition metals. Electron "slippage". Stable oxidation states. Chemical properties of Ti-Cu compounds in various oxidation states. Iron triad. Chemical properties of copper and its compounds.
Field of science 2. Engineering, chemical

General Chemistry

  1. Basic concepts of chemistry: atom, chemical element, substance, chemical reaction. Chemical and molecular formulas of compounds. Main classes of inorganic compounds: oxides, acids, bases, salts. Types of chemical reactions. Reaction equations.
  2. Electronic structure of atoms. Hydrogen-like atoms and ions. Atomic orbitals and quantum numbers. Multielectron atoms. Effective charges. Energy diagrams of states. Principles of filling atomic orbitals with electrons.
  3. The Periodic Law and periodic changes in the properties of elements (atomic and ionic radii, ionization energy and electron affinity, electronegativity according to Mulliken and Pauling) in groups and periods. The structure of the periodic table.
  4. Chemical bonding and molecular structure.Characteristics of chemical bonds.Covalent bonds and the mechanisms of their formation.The valence bond method.The molecular orbital method.Energy diagrams.Non-covalent types of bonding are ionic and metallic.

Analytical chemistry

  1. Protolytic theory. Application of the law of mass action to acid–base equilibria. Calculation of pH in aqueous solutions. Buffer solutions
  2. Complexation reactions. Basic concepts, types of coordination compounds. Equilibrium in complex formation reactions. Stability of complex compounds

Organic Chemistry

  1. Structure of organic molecules: nature of chemical bonds, electron density distribution in molecules, types of isomerism in organic compounds, concept of aromaticity in carbocyclic and heterocyclic systems
  2. Major classes of organic compounds, methods of their synthesis and chemical transformations. Relationship between molecular structure and reactivity.
  3. Concepts of basicity and acidity of organic molecules; factors affecting the stability of reactive intermediates (carbocations, free radicals, etc.)
  4. Reaction mechanisms considering electronic and steric effects of reagents and substrates; regioselectivity and stereoselectivity of reactions
  5. Natural sources of organic compounds; key laboratory and industrial methods for synthesizing major classes of organic substances.
  6. Principles of rational organic synthesis; use of protecting groups; basics of the retrosynthetic approach.
  7. Organic compounds as pharmaceuticals or functional materials, including polymers
  8. Organic substances of natural origin; interaction of organic compounds with living systems; environmental considerations in organic chemical production
  9. Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy (IR, UV, NMR), mass spectrometry and X-ray diffraction

Physical Chemistry

  1. The first law of thermodynamics and its application (internal energy, enthalpy, heat and work).
  2. Thermochemistry, heat capacities, Hess's law, Kirchhoff's equation.
  3. Phase equilibria in two-component liquid-vapor systems. Phase equilibria in condensed systems
  4. Thermodynamics of electrochemical systems: electromotive force of an electrochemical cell, electrode potential. Nernst equation.
  5. Chemical kinetics and catalysis: the effect of temperature on the reaction rate, the Arrhenius equation, activation energy, methods for determining it.
  6. Chemical equilibria: the law of mass action and the equilibrium constant, isotherm and isobar equations of a chemical reaction.
Field of science 3. Chemistry, analytical

General Chemistry

  1. Basic concepts of chemistry: atom, chemical element, substance, chemical reaction. Chemical and molecular formulas of compounds. Main classes of inorganic compounds: oxides, acids, bases, salts. Types of chemical reactions. Reaction equations.
  2. Electronic structure of atoms. Hydrogen-like atoms and ions. Atomic orbitals and quantum numbers. Multielectron atoms. Effective charges. Energy diagrams of states. Principles of filling atomic orbitals with electrons.
  3. The Periodic Law and periodic changes in the properties of elements (atomic and ionic radii, ionization energy and electron affinity, electronegativity according to Mulliken and Pauling) in groups and periods. The structure of the periodic table.
  4. Chemical bonding and molecular structure.Characteristics of chemical bonds.Covalent bonds and the mechanisms of their formation.The valence bond method.The molecular orbital method.Energy diagrams.Non-covalent types of bonding are ionic and metallic.

Analytical chemistry

  1. Protolytic theory. Application of the law of mass action to acid–base equilibria. Calculation of pH in aqueous solutions. Buffer solutions
  2. Complexation reactions. Basic concepts, types of coordination compounds. Equilibrium in complex formation reactions. Stability of complex compounds
  3. Qualitative chemical analysis. Methods of performing analytical reactions. Concept of analytical signal. Main analytical groups of cations and anions.
  4. Titrimetric analysis methods. Methods for expressing solution concentration. Titration curves. Calculation of analyte mass in solution. Techniques for performing titrimetric analysis.
  5. Types of titrimetric analysis. Acid–base titration. Complexometric titration. Redox (oxidation–reduction) titration. Precipitation titration.

Physical Chemistry

  1. Thermochemistry, heat capacities, Hess's law, Kirchhoff's equation.
  2. Phase equilibria in two-component liquid-vapor systems. Phase equilibria in condensed systems
  3. Thermodynamics of electrochemical systems: electromotive force of an electrochemical cell, electrode potential. Nernst equation.
  4. Electrical conductivity of electrolyte solutions, ion mobility, the Debye-Huckel theory.
Field of science 4. Chemistry, organic

General Chemistry

  1. Basic concepts of chemistry: atom, chemical element, substance, chemical reaction. Chemical and molecular formulas of compounds. Main classes of inorganic compounds: oxides, acids, bases, salts. Types of chemical reactions. Reaction equations.
  2. Electronic structure of atoms. Hydrogen-like atoms and ions. Atomic orbitals and quantum numbers. Multielectron atoms. Effective charges. Energy diagrams of states. Principles of filling atomic orbitals with electrons.
  3. The Periodic Law and periodic changes in the properties of elements (atomic and ionic radii, ionization energy and electron affinity, electronegativity according to Mulliken and Pauling) in groups and periods. The structure of the periodic table.
  4. Chemical bonding and molecular structure.Characteristics of chemical bonds.Covalent bonds and the mechanisms of their formation.The valence bond method.The molecular orbital method.Energy diagrams.Non-covalent types of bonding are ionic and metallic.

Analytical chemistry

  1. Protolytic theory. Application of the law of mass action to acid–base equilibria. Calculation of pH in aqueous solutions. Buffer solutions
  2. Complexation reactions. Basic concepts, types of coordination compounds. Equilibrium in complex formation reactions. Stability of complex compounds

Organic Chemistry

  1. Structure of organic molecules: nature of chemical bonds, electron density distribution in molecules, types of isomerism in organic compounds, concept of aromaticity in carbocyclic and heterocyclic systems
  2. Major classes of organic compounds, methods of their synthesis and chemical transformations. Relationship between molecular structure and reactivity.
  3. Concepts of basicity and acidity of organic molecules; factors affecting the stability of reactive intermediates (carbocations, free radicals, etc.)
  4. Reaction mechanisms considering electronic and steric effects of reagents and substrates; regioselectivity and stereoselectivity of reactions
  5. Natural sources of organic compounds; key laboratory and industrial methods for synthesizing major classes of organic substances.
  6. Principles of rational organic synthesis; use of protecting groups; basics of the retrosynthetic approach.
  7. Organic compounds as pharmaceuticals or functional materials, including polymers
  8. Organic substances of natural origin; interaction of organic compounds with living systems; environmental considerations in organic chemical production
  9. Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy (IR, UV, NMR), mass spectrometry and X-ray diffraction

Physical Chemistry

  1. Phase equilibria in two-component liquid-vapor systems. Phase equilibria in condensed systems
  2. Thermodynamics of electrochemical systems: electromotive force of an electrochemical cell, electrode potential. Nernst equation.
Field of science 5. Chemistry, physical

General Chemistry

  1. Basic concepts of chemistry: atom, chemical element, substance, chemical reaction. Chemical and molecular formulas of compounds. Main classes of inorganic compounds: oxides, acids, bases, salts. Types of chemical reactions. Reaction equations.
  2. Electronic structure of atoms. Hydrogen-like atoms and ions. Atomic orbitals and quantum numbers. Multielectron atoms. Effective charges. Energy diagrams of states. Principles of filling atomic orbitals with electrons.
  3. The Periodic Law and periodic changes in the properties of elements (atomic and ionic radii, ionization energy and electron affinity, electronegativity according to Mulliken and Pauling) in groups and periods. The structure of the periodic table.
  4. Chemical bonding and molecular structure.Characteristics of chemical bonds.Covalent bonds and the mechanisms of their formation.The valence bond method.The molecular orbital method.Energy diagrams.Non-covalent types of bonding are ionic and metallic.

Analytical chemistry

  1. Protolytic theory. Application of the law of mass action to acid–base equilibria. Calculation of pH in aqueous solutions. Buffer solutions
  2. Complexation reactions. Basic concepts, types of coordination compounds. Equilibrium in complex formation reactions. Stability of complex compounds
  3. Qualitative chemical analysis. Methods of performing analytical reactions. Concept of analytical signal. Main analytical groups of cations and anions.
  4. Titrimetric analysis methods. Methods for expressing solution concentration. Titration curves. Calculation of analyte mass in solution. Techniques for performing titrimetric analysis.
  5. Types of titrimetric analysis. Acid–base titration. Complexometric titration. Redox (oxidation–reduction) titration. Precipitation titration.

Physical Chemistry

  1. The first law of thermodynamics and its application (internal energy, enthalpy, heat and work).
  2. Thermochemistry, heat capacities, Hess's law, Kirchhoff's equation.
  3. The second law of thermodynamics (entropy, thermodynamic potentials and characteristic functions).
  4. Fundamental Gibbs relation, Gibbs-Helmholtz equations, Planck's postulate (third law of thermodynamics), chemical potential.
  5. Phase equilibria: heterogeneous systems, Gibbs phase rule, Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Thermodynamic properties of solutions. Raoult's laws.
  6. Phase equilibria in two-component liquid-vapor systems. Phase equilibria in condensed systems
  7. Thermodynamics of electrochemical systems: electromotive force of an electrochemical cell, electrode potential. Nernst equation.
  8. Electrical conductivity of electrolyte solutions, ion mobility, the Debye-Huckel theory.
  9. Chemical kinetics and catalysis: the effect of temperature on the reaction rate, the Arrhenius equation, activation energy, methods for determining it.
  10. Chemical equilibria: the law of mass action and the equilibrium constant, isotherm and isobar equations of a chemical reaction.
Field of science 6. Materials science

General Chemistry

  1. Basic concepts of chemistry: atom, chemical element, substance, chemical reaction. Chemical and molecular formulas of compounds. Main classes of inorganic compounds: oxides, acids, bases, salts. Types of chemical reactions. Reaction equations.
  2. Electronic structure of atoms. Hydrogen-like atoms and ions. Atomic orbitals and quantum numbers. Multielectron atoms. Effective charges. Energy diagrams of states. Principles of filling atomic orbitals with electrons.
  3. The Periodic Law and periodic changes in the properties of elements (atomic and ionic radii, ionization energy and electron affinity, electronegativity according to Mulliken and Pauling) in groups and periods. The structure of the periodic table.
  4. Chemical bonding and molecular structure.Characteristics of chemical bonds.Covalent bonds and the mechanisms of their formation.The valence bond method.The molecular orbital method.Energy diagrams.Non-covalent types of bonding are ionic and metallic.

Analytical chemistry

  1. Protolytic theory. Application of the law of mass action to acid–base equilibria. Calculation of pH in aqueous solutions. Buffer solutions
  2. Complexation reactions. Basic concepts, types of coordination compounds. Equilibrium in complex formation reactions. Stability of complex compounds
  3. Qualitative chemical analysis. Methods of performing analytical reactions. Concept of analytical signal. Main analytical groups of cations and anions.

Inorganic chemistry

  1. The chemistry of hydrogen and halogens. The chemical properties of hydrogen. Halogens, their properties and production, interaction with water and alkalis. Comparison of the oxidizing properties of halogen compounds in the same oxidation state.
  2. Chalcogen chemistry. Production and properties of oxygen, ozone, hydrogen peroxide and oxides, and sulfur. Properties of hydrogen sulfide and sulfides, sulfur oxides, sulfuric and sulfurous acids, and their salts. Qualitative reactions.
  3. Chemistry of pnictogens. Production and properties of nitrogen. Production and properties of ammonia. Production and properties of nitrogen oxides and oxygen-containing acids. Chemistry of phosphorus compounds in oxidation states -3, -1, +3, and +5.
  4. Chemistry of carbon group elements, chemistry of boron. Types of carbides and reactions of ionic carbides with water. Properties of carbon and silicon compounds in the +4 oxidation state. Properties of boron. Boric acids and borates.
  5. Chemistry of Group 1 and 2 metals and aluminum. Alkali metals, alkali metal oxygen compounds, their properties and applications. Calcium: methods of preparation and properties. Aluminum: properties of the element and its compounds, applications.
  6. Chemistry of complex compounds. Werner's coordination theory. Types of central atoms and ligands. Dentancy. Geometric structure, coordination numbers, isomerism. Crystal field theory. Stability of complexes in solutions.
  7. General information on the chemistry of transition metals. Electron "slippage". Stable oxidation states. Chemical properties of Ti-Cu compounds in various oxidation states. Iron triad. Chemical properties of copper and its compounds.

Physical Chemistry

  1. The first law of thermodynamics and its application (internal energy, enthalpy, heat and work).
  2. Thermochemistry, heat capacities, Hess's law, Kirchhoff's equation.
  3. The second law of thermodynamics (entropy, thermodynamic potentials and characteristic functions).
  4. Fundamental Gibbs relation, Gibbs-Helmholtz equations, Planck's postulate (third law of thermodynamics), chemical potential.
  5. Phase equilibria: heterogeneous systems, Gibbs phase rule, Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Thermodynamic properties of solutions. Raoult's laws.
  6. Phase equilibria in two-component liquid-vapor systems. Phase equilibria in condensed systems
  7. Thermodynamics of electrochemical systems: electromotive force of an electrochemical cell, electrode potential. Nernst equation.
  8. Electrical conductivity of electrolyte solutions, ion mobility, the Debye-Huckel theory.
  9. Chemical kinetics and catalysis: the effect of temperature on the reaction rate, the Arrhenius equation, activation energy, methods for determining it.
  10. Chemical equilibria: the law of mass action and the equilibrium constant, isotherm and isobar equations of a chemical reaction.
Preparation materials. Recommended reading
Preparation materials. Recommended online courses
Field of science 1. Chemistry, inorganic & nuclear
  1. Introduction to Chemistry: Structures and Solutions

    The course covers atomic and molecular structure, solution chemistry, phase equilibria, quantitative problem-solving. It equips students with essential theoretical and practical skills for advanced study.

  2. General Chemistry: Concept Development and Application

    The course introduces key concepts and approaches in inorganic chemistry, focusing on concept development and practical application of fundamental principles.

  3. Introduction to Chemistry: Reactions and Ratios

    The course covers chemical reactions, stoichiometry, periodic table, chemical problem solving and develops core competencies to prepare students for further study in chemistry.

Field of science 2. Engineering, chemical
  1. Thermodynamics of Chemical Engineering 1 (Coursera)

    The course introduces the first and second laws of thermodynamics, non-ideal single-component and multicomponent systems, solution thermodynamics for separation processes, and chemical equilibria for reaction analysis and design.

  2. Numerical Methods Applied to Chemical Engineering (Fall 2015)

    The course familiarizes students with numerical methods for linear/nonlinear algebraic equations, ODEs, PDEs (heat/mass transfer, fluid flow, reaction engineering). It includes Navier-Stokes, molecular dynamics, and geometry optimisation.

  3. Numerical Methods Applied to Chemical Engineering (Fall 2005)

    The course covers linear systems, nonlinear algebraic equations, ODEs, DAEs, probability theory, statistical data analysis, parameter estimation, finite difference/element methods using MATLAB®.

  4. Separation Processes

    The course focuses on distillation, membrane-based separations, chromatography, and adsorption. It applies principles of thermodynamics, mass transfer, and transport phenomena to the design and analysis of separation processes.

  5. Integrated Chemical Engineering I

    The course covers process flowsheet development and simulation using ABACUSS, batch operations, separation processes, base-case design, economic feasibility analysis, iterative optimization, and the preparation and submission of formal technical reports.

  6. Integrated Chemical Engineering II

    The course focuses on the conceptual design of continuously operated chemical plants using Aspen Plus®. Students work in teams to evaluate and design chemical process technologies, culminating in a comprehensive final design report.

  7. Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of Chemical Engineering Process

    The course examines deterministic and stochastic modelling strategies, transport phenomena, including heat and mass transfer and fluid dynamics, simulation techniques, dispersed-phase systems, and molecular-scale processes.

Field of science 3. Chemistry, analytical
  1. Advanced Chemistry, Organic and Analytical Chemistry

    The course combines theoretical foundations with case-based learning in organic and analytical chemistry. It covers atomic structure, electron behaviour, nuclear fusion/fission, energy conversion, electrochemistry, and food chemistry.

  2. Basic Analytical Chemistry

    The course introduces fundamental concepts and methods of analytical chemistry, focusing on applications in life sciences, environmental sciences, and geochemistry.

  3. Analytical Chemistry

    The course develops foundational knowledge in general chemistry, starting with key analytical terms. Students learn concepts essential for quantitative measurement: sensitivity, detection.

Field of science 4. Chemistry, organic
  1. Basics of Chemistry of Heterocycles

    The course covers electronic structure, synthetic methodologies, chemical properties, and characteristic reactions of key heterocyclic systems: pyrrole, furan, thiophene, indole, pyridine, quinoline, and isoquinoline.

  2. Chemicals and Health

    The course explores how chemicals enter the body (exposure), biological effects (toxicology), biomonitoring, health impact, and relevant policies and regulatory practices for chemical safety.

  3. Organic Chemistry

    A series of video presentations covering the main topics of organic chemistry, including reaction mechanisms, stereochemistry, and major classes of organic compounds.

Field of science 5. Chemistry, physical
  1. Phase Transformations

    The course is an introduction to phase transformations occurring in alloys of binary phase diagrams. It focuses on understanding microstructural evolution and structure-property relationships.

  2. Basics of Thermodynamics

    The course provides a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental principles of thermodynamics. It emphasizes essential concepts and atypical phenomena, such as stretched liquids, and incorporates experimental demonstrations.

  3. Thermodynamics of Materials

    The course covers laws of thermodynamics, equilibrium concept, thermodynamic potentials, classical and statistical perspectives. It explains energy–entropy interplay governing equilibrium states of materials.

  4. Thermodynamics and Phase Equilibria

    The course introduces the fundamental principles of thermodynamics, with particular emphasis on their role in governing phase equilibria. It provides essential preparation for further study at the bachelor’s, master’s, or doctoral level.

  5. Colloids and Surfaces

    The course provides an introduction to the fundamentals of colloid and nanoparticle science, discussing potential applications of these concepts in various fields.

  6. Physical Chemistry: Help & Review

    The course provides a structured overview of key topics in physical chemistry and serves as an essential resource for examination preparation.

Field of science 6. Materials science
  1. Materials Science for Technological Application (Coursera)

    The course focuses on atomic bonding and crystal structure, providing an in-depth examination of the role materials play in modern engineering practice.

  2. Fundamentals of Materials Science (Coursera)

    The course integrates the study of metallic, ceramic, and polymeric materials, with particular emphasis on the relationships among composition, microstructure, processing, and properties. It serves as a core module for students majoring in Materials Science.

  3. Materials Laboratory

    The course brings together quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, materials structure, and technical communication. It introduces key characterization techniques, including DSC, XPS, AES, FTIR, UV/Vis spectroscopy, force spectroscopy, and X-ray scattering, as well as the study of phase transitions.

  4. Fundamentals of Materials Science

    The course explores material structure, energetics, chemical bonding, thermodynamic functions, quantum mechanical descriptions, symmetry, and diffraction, together with the properties and behavior of alloys, electronic and magnetic materials, polymers, and biomaterials.

Second-Round Sample Tasks

This sample test includes 46 tasks: 25 basic-level test tasks with one correct answer, 15 intermediate-level tasks with several correct answers or a model answer, 3 advanced-level tasks requiring a detailed answer, and 3 oral-response tasks. For tasks requiring a detailed answer and for oral-response tasks, assessment criteria and model answers are provided.

Second-Round Sample Tasks